A detailed breakdown of an information disclosure vulnerability in Revive Adserver v6.0.0 where verbose error messages exposed SQL queries, database versions, and PHP environment details.
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A detailed breakdown of an information disclosure vulnerability in Revive Adserver v6.0.0 where verbose error messages exposed SQL queries, database versions, and PHP environment details.
A critical business logic flaw where an email verification bypass enabled full organization takeover in a multi-tenant SaaS platform.
A real-world IDOR vulnerability in a university API exposed private student data due to missing authorization and sequential IDs. This write-up explains the discovery, impact, root cause, and defensive lessons.
A real-world business logic flaw where a trusted HTTP header silently caused sensitive financial data exposure. This case study explains how header-based IDOR happens, how to detect it, and how to prevent it.
A real-world bug hunting case study explaining how a reflected XSS vulnerability (CVE-2025-0133) in PAN-OS GlobalProtect was identified on a NASA system and responsibly disclosed, resulting in an official appreciation letter.
A real-world Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) case study showing how a predictable ID parameter exposed sensitive user PII, why reproduction failed initially, and what this teaches about access control.
A beginner-to-advanced, real-world breakdown of Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), explaining why it still works, how attackers exploit it, and how it leads to high-impact bug bounties.
A deep, beginner-to-advanced breakdown of reset password poisoning via Host and X-Forwarded-Host headers, explaining how account takeovers happen and how to defend against them.
An educational deep dive into CVE-2025-64446, a critical FortiWeb vulnerability chain combining path traversal and authentication bypass, with defensive lessons for blue teams and architects.
A complete beginner-to-advanced guide on Local File Inclusion (LFI) and Remote File Inclusion (RFI), covering how they work, real-world exploitation techniques, and how developers should properly mitigate them.
A deep, practical breakdown of a blind SSRF vulnerability exploited five different ways, showing why superficial patches fail and how SSRF must be fixed architecturally, not incrementally.
A beginner-friendly deep dive into a Blind XSS vulnerability discovered in Rockstar Games' feedback system, showing how a hidden payload executed inside an internal admin panel and why these bugs are still so dangerous.
A deep dive into response manipulation vulnerabilities and how trusting client-side flags led to verification bypass and subscription abuse through broken business logic.
A beginner-to-advanced, real-world guide to finding Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerabilities using a structured, ethical testing methodology.
A deep, beginner-to-advanced breakdown of a high-impact XSS vulnerability on Yelp where cookie smuggling, unsafe reflection, and logic flaws chained together to enable credential theft and full account takeover.
A practical, beginner-to-advanced guide to Content Security Policy (CSP). Learn how CSP works, why it matters, how to deploy it safely, and how to harden modern web apps against XSS, data exfiltration, and clickjacking.
A deep, defensive walkthrough of a real-world GraphQL business logic flaw where Editors escalated to Owner privileges by tampering with role variables in a share workflow.
A deep, defensive walkthrough of a real-world IDOR caused by predictable upload filenames, showing how reverse-engineering IDs and timestamps exposed private user images - and what this teaches about secure design.
A deep dive into a real-world business logic flaw where unauthenticated APIs allowed attackers to silently change and verify any user's email preferences using only an email address.
A beginner-friendly, real-world guide explaining how new security researchers can earn their first CVE by focusing on open-source projects, simple vulnerabilities, and responsible disclosure.
A realistic, experience-driven breakdown of common mistakes bug bounty beginners make before earning their first reward-and how fixing mindset, workflow, and habits can change everything.
A deep dive into a subtle yet severe business logic flaw where an empty whitespace team name created irreversible account lock-in.
A real-world bug bounty case study showing how a simple image downloader exposed user data through predictable identifiers, leading to an enumeration-based IDOR.
A deep-dive case study analyzing how a single unescaped parameter enabled reflected XSS on a major gaming platform, its real-world impact, and how developers can prevent it.
A deep, defensive walkthrough of an LFI that allowed arbitrary local file reads via a misused download_url parameter.
A detailed, safe, developer-friendly explanation of the Slowloris DoS vulnerabilities in Node.js, their root causes, how the bypass was discovered, and what modern teams can learn about protecting availability.
A clear, accurate, and developer-friendly deep dive into the React2Shell vulnerability (CVE-2025-55182 / CVE-2025-66478), how it works, what is confirmed, what remains theoretical, and how teams can mitigate risk safely.
A practical deep-dive into SQL truncation exploitation, account duplication, and how insecure database schemas can enable unintended privilege takeover.
A CTF walkthrough demonstrating how Azure Logic Apps, Base64 role tampering, and permissive SAS tokens exposed sensitive blob data.
A deep dive into a real-world case where a harmless 401 Unauthorized response leaked sensitive internal credentials and system secrets.
A critical business logic flaw allowed attackers to impersonate users by abusing email schema validation in a change-email workflow.
A deep look into subtle unfair practices in bug bounty programs and how researchers can protect themselves.
A deep case study on how SSRF inside ChatGPT Custom Actions exposed internal Azure metadata, discovered by researcher SirLeeroyJenkins.
A detailed breakdown of how a misconfigured OAuth client_credentials flow exposed sensitive customer data at scale.
A practical guide to combining classical reconnaissance tooling with LLMs to accelerate triage, generate payloads, and prioritize targets - responsibly and effectively.
How a 400 error exposed workspace and document names due to an IDOR in a document-viewer API - step-by-step reproduction, impact, and defenses.
A detailed analysis of a reflected XSS flaw in a news platform that enabled session theft and account takeover across multiple regional programs.
A detailed breakdown of how misconfigured DNS and exposed origin servers allow complete Cloudflare bypass, based on Smit Gharat’s real-world research and methodology.
A deep dive into how a single insecure direct object reference exposed personal and billing data for over 6.4 million users - and how responsible escalation led to a secure fix.
Two Spark AR RCEs - a package postinstall RCE via arexport packages and a ZIP path-traversal RCE - analysed with safe PoCs and remediation.
The final and most advanced part of the series covering financial platforms, OAuth poisoning, multi-tenant SaaS leaks, supply chain attacks, and industrial-scale cache exploitation techniques.
Part 2 of the in-depth series analyzing cache poisoning cases involving cloud platforms, multi-domain attacks, complex chains, and framework-level vulnerabilities.
The first part of a three-section deep dive analyzing early real-world cache poisoning bugs across HackerOne, GitHub, Shopify, and private programs.
A misconfiguration in Stripe’s default subscription update behavior allowed users to access higher-tier paid plans without successful payments.
A severe authentication flaw in a government mobile app allowed login using hardcoded OTP values.
A security researcher uncovered an SSRF flaw in GitLab’s import-from-URL feature that enabled internal port probing.
A complete, defensive-focused deep dive into how a DOM XSS vulnerability was discovered inside a NASA system - from recon, JavaScript analysis, DOM Invader tracing, exploit validation, impact analysis, and actionable mitigation strategies.
A detailed, defensive, 2200+ word breakdown of how a leaked Azure Speech Service API key was discovered in a major payment company, including recon workflow, exploitation analysis, risks, and mitigation.
A deep, defensive breakdown of a P1 privilege escalation flaw where an agent user forged high-privilege access tokens and created admin accounts.
A detailed, defensive write-up of an access-control bypass: 403 bypass techniques, parameter pollution, method tampering, JWT manipulation, PoC and mitigations.
A defensive, technical write-up of a real-world voice-AI finding: discovery of voice endpoints, audio interception, command injection, privacy leakage and mitigations.
A defensive, technical deep-dive into prompt-injection attacks against AI assistants - discovery, multi-stage injection techniques, system-prompt leakage, function-calling abuse, data-poisoning, and mitigations.
A defensive, technical walkthrough of privacy and model-extraction issues in image-recognition APIs - discovery, attacks (metadata leakage, facial embeddings, model inversion, adversarial), PoCs, and concrete mitigations.
A detailed, actionable breakdown of a real-world access control collapse: discovery, attack techniques (IDOR, mass assignment, method-bypass, function-level), impact, and hardening advice.
A hands-on breakdown of a model extraction and membership inference attack against an inference API: how the chain works, why it matters, and how engineers can defend their ML systems.
A real-world breakdown of an IDOR vulnerability that escalated from a simple user ID change to full admin data exposure. Learn how it happened, why it worked, and how to prevent it.
A deep defensive breakdown of how unsafe eval() usage led to full client-side compromise. Learn how to detect, prevent, and defend against DOM XSS at code and architecture level.
A defensive case study of a DNS-rebinding attack that abused a local Burp MCP API to perform SSRF-like requests from the victim machine. Learn why local APIs change the threat model, how to detect this class of issue, and hardened mitigations for product teams.
A defensive case study: a reported broken password-reset flow that allowed account takeover when tokens were not validated or bound to accounts. Read for detection, mitigation, and secure design - no exploit steps provided.
Practical, pentester-focused techniques for why XSS in URLs still works and how WAFs can be bypassed - defensive advice included.
A real-world case study of a parameter tampering vulnerability that turned €699 products into free purchases - a $2,000 bounty-winning e-commerce logic flaw explained from a cybersecurity perspective.
A deep dive into a real bug bounty story where a simple null role parameter turned a normal user into an accidental admin, revealing how broken RBAC logic led to complete compromise.
A deep dive into how a researcher found a password reset flaw that allowed full account takeover via API, earning $4,000 - including fuzzing, reproduction steps, and defensive insights.
Learn how a researcher turned a Local File Inclusion bug into Remote Code Execution and earned $5,000 - a deep breakdown of payloads, bypasses, and real-world tactics.
How a researcher turned a simple 403 Forbidden response into a $1,000 bounty by exploiting an HTTP method logic flaw - and what every bug hunter can learn from it.
A detailed breakdown of how a simple logic flaw in OTP verification led to full access without validation - and why duplicates still matter in bug bounty hunting.
AI is transforming cybersecurity—but can it truly outsmart human hackers? A detailed, expert-level breakdown from a pentester’s perspective.
How a simple profile update turned into an admin-level privilege escalation - and how you can test, prevent, and understand Broken Access Control vulnerabilities ethically.
A real-world story of turning frustration into a $250 stored XSS win — and how beginners can replicate the mindset, methodology, and testing approach ethically.
A beginner-to-pro guide on finding high-value information-disclosure bugs (leaked keys, exposed backups, forgotten repos). Focuses on ethical testing, triage, reporting, and defensive advice.
A beginner-friendly breakdown of how a simple race condition during sign-up led to duplicate accounts sharing the same email, what caused it, and how to prevent such issues in web applications.
A practical, beginner-to-advanced guide explaining how Punycode (IDNs) can enable 0-click account takeover, why it happens, and how developers and defenders can prevent it.
A deep dive into how an accountant role bypassed role-based access control to delete private pension schemes via direct API calls - and how developers can prevent it.
Learn how an IDOR vulnerability exposed private data, how it was found using Burp Suite, and how developers can prevent it.
A neutral, detailed write-up of a $500 stored XSS in SideFX messaging: technical PoC, impact analysis, defenses, and a reporter-ready template.
Beginner-friendly walkthrough: exploit a blind SQL injection using time delays (pg_sleep) to confirm and demonstrate the vulnerability. Includes step-by-step Repeater workflow, proof-of-concept payloads, troubleshooting, detection and remediation guidance.
Step-by-step, beginner-friendly walkthrough: enumerate Oracle schema (tables & columns) via UNION SQLi, extract user credentials, and log in as administrator. Includes exact payloads (placeholders), Burp Repeater workflow, defenses, and troubleshooting.
Beginner-friendly, step-by-step walkthrough: use a UNION-based SQL injection against an Oracle backend to reveal the database version string (v$version / BANNER). Includes exact payloads (placeholders), Repeater workflow, troubleshooting, detection recipes and developer remediation.
Beginner-friendly, hands-on walkthrough: bypass a WAF using XML encoding (Hackvertor), perform a UNION-based SQLi in an XML parameter, exfiltrate `username||'~'||password`, and log in as administrator. Includes full Repeater/Exploit flow, why each step works, defensive remediation, and real-world examples.
Beginner-friendly, step-by-step walkthrough for PortSwigger's lab: blind SQL injection with out-of-band data exfiltration. Learn how to trigger a Collaborator callback that leaks the administrator password, and - critically - how to prevent and detect this in real systems.
Complete beginner-friendly walkthrough: exploit a blind SQL injection to trigger an out-of-band interaction using Burp Collaborator. Includes payloads (placeholders), Burp workflow, OAST concepts, defensive guidance, troubleshooting, and real-world context.
Beginner-friendly, step-by-step walkthrough: exploit a blind SQL injection using conditional time delays (pg_sleep) via a TrackingId cookie. Includes exact payloads (placeholders), Burp Repeater & Intruder setup, optimizations, troubleshooting, detection recipes and developer remediation.
Beginner-friendly, step-by-step walkthrough: leak sensitive data using a visible error-based SQL injection via the TrackingId cookie. Includes exact payloads (placeholders), Repeater/Intruder setup, troubleshooting, detection recipes, and developer remediation steps.
Step-by-step, beginner-friendly walkthrough: exploit an error-based blind SQL injection using the TrackingId cookie. Learn how to confirm injection, trigger conditional errors to infer truth, discover password length, extract characters with Burp Intruder, and harden your app.
Beginner-friendly, step-by-step walkthrough: exploit a blind SQL injection using boolean/conditional responses (TrackingId cookie). Includes exact payloads (placeholders), length discovery, character extraction with Burp Intruder, optimizations, detection recipes and developer-focused remediation.
Full, beginner-friendly walkthrough: enumerate the database schema and extract user credentials using UNION-based SQL injection (non-Oracle). Step-by-step with exact payloads (placeholders), verification, troubleshooting, defense, and real-world examples.
Learn to retrieve the database type and version string using UNION-based SQL injection. Step-by-step PortSwigger lab walkthrough with payloads, query logic, troubleshooting, and defensive insights.
Practical walkthrough: use a UNION SQLi to concatenate multiple columns into one column (username||'~'||password) and retrieve user credentials from another table. Lab-only, detailed steps, troubleshooting and defensive guidance.
Step-by-step, beginner-friendly walkthrough: use a UNION-based SQL injection to retrieve usernames and passwords from another table, then log in as administrator. Includes exact payloads (placeholders), troubleshooting, and defensive guidance.
Step-by-step walkthrough: use a UNION-based SQL injection to find a column that accepts text. Beginner-friendly lab writeup with exact payloads (placeholders), troubleshooting, defenses and real-world context.
Step-by-step walkthrough: using a UNION-based SQL injection to determine the number of columns returned by a query. Beginner-friendly, with payloads, troubleshooting and defensive guidance.
Beginner-friendly, step-by-step walkthrough of PortSwigger's lab: SQL injection that allows login bypass. Includes exact request patterns (placeholders), payloads to practice in labs, real-world examples, defensive guidance and practical detection advice.
Comprehensive guide to SQL Injection (SQLi): types, impact, detection, and practical prevention advice for developers and testers.
Beginner-friendly, expert-grade walkthrough for the PortSwigger lab: SQL injection vulnerability in a WHERE clause allowing retrieval of hidden data. Step-by-step with payloads, explanations, real-world examples, and defensive advice.
First-person, A complete, beginner-friendly walkthrough of PortSwigger’s new 0.CL Request Smuggling lab. Includes detection techniques, exploitation methods, ERG choices, and defensive strategies.
Sharing my journey from being a cybersecurity enthusiast to a professional, and why I’ve decided to start blogging to inspire, teach, and connect.